Nat. name ChungeeA favourite food of the natives - both raw & boiledNullee Sṭ Range ⁴
This is sold in the bazaars of Peshawar—and eaten fried in ghee—the juice of the plant [which is very bitter—C.G. Hastings, District Superintendant of Police] having first been expressed.¹⁰
Its juicy stems, about 4 or 5 inches long, are in bunches somewhat resembling fingers (whence some of its names), and have a very bitter taste like karela - (see MOMORDICA). They are said to be sometimes cooked like it, but are generally eaten raw, being considered stomachic, carminative, and tonic.¹⁴
Dr Andrew Fleming
I could find no recent biographies of Dr Andrew Fleming online. What little there is seems old or fragmentary and some contain errors. I decided I should get everything I could find from primary sources together in one place. I never found a photo or portrait.
Dr Fleming was a part of the English East India Company invasion of India. I am not going to go into why I think invading other countries to steal their resources, land and peoples is a bad idea. I am sure the reader has their own opinion on such issues. Unfortunately, invasion and colonisation is still a live issue in current events in Europe as I write this.
Dr Fleming took an active part in that invasion, not just as a military surgeon for the Punjab Cavalry. His survey of the geology of the Salt Range was explicitly ordered by his superiors to assess the resources of the area. His botanical collections may have been his own hobby but plant collection was also a major part of the English East India Company plan to exploit India. Kew Gardens was the centre of collection to find plants with useful and profitable properties that could be grown in both the country they were found and other parts of the British Empire.
We know very little about Dr Fleming but what little we do know shows that he was not one of the worst army doctors in India and may have been among the better ones. See his comments when running an asylum for native mental patients.
By authority of the Government of India Act 1858, the Indian adventure was taken from the English East India Company and was then under the direct control of the British Government. As a member of the Indian Army, Fleming then became an employee of the British Government.
Kew Gardens Mini-Biographical Note
Before detailing all the information that I found from primary sources, I have to describe the footnote I found on the Kew Gardens website for a letter from Joseph Dalton Hooker to his father William Jackson Hooker. This is probably the longest modern biographical note that I found for Dr Andrew Fleming.
The reason for the note about Fleming was this remark in the letter about a dinner with Pat Neill, a prominent Edinburgh scientific publisher:
I dined with Pat Neill the other day, he is an [e]xcellent old fellow[.] I met Fleming of Flisk there & Goodsir brother of him i' Erebus a very superior Comp. anatomist.
Unfortunately, I believe the letter is referring to Andrew Fleming's father, John Fleming. Andrew Fleming was only 22 or 23 at the time and not yet known for his scientific reports. If Hooker was telling his father about the younger Fleming, he would have to distinguish him from his very famous geologist and zoologist father, John Fleming of the Mance of Flisk.
If you are wondering who Goodsir was, he would have been John Goodsir, elder brother of Harry Goodsir. At the time of the dinner, Harry Goodsir had just joined the doomed Franklin expedition in March 1845. He died on King William Island in Arctic Canada, perhaps three years later, perhaps 28 years old. John Goodsir was an anatomist and one of the primary authors of biological cell theory. Harry Goodsir was also an accomplished doctor and scientist. He contributed to one of John's most famous books on cell theory and published his own papers. His last paper was sent from Greenland a few weeks before the expedition disappeared in July 1845. Joseph Dalton Hooker had been Assistant Surgeon on the Erebus during the expedition to the Antarctic from 1839 to 1843, the same post Goodsir now held on the Arctic expedition. Hooker was lucky to die of old age at 94, in Berkshire, after a long and successful life as an explorer, botanist, plant collector and Director of Kew Gardens.
As Hooker remarks at the end of the letter that the weather is hot and sultry, I find it difficult to believe that the dinner was in Edinburgh in mid-March. The Erebus sailed from Greenhithe in Kent on the 19th of May 1845. So Goodsir would not have been "i' Erebus" in March. The date on the first page looks more like "June 12 1845", to me. Hooker has the typically difficult handwriting of the 19th century.
The complete note for Fleming reads:
25. Dr Andrew Fleming (1822--1901). Surgeon of Bengal Establishment, East India Company, 1844. Geologist; mapped Salt Range, India and collected plants there and in Murree Hills, c.1850. Retired as Surgeon Major 4th Regiment, Punjab Cavalry, 1873. (son of Rev John Fleming 1785--1857).
There are no references given for the facts in this little note. I have found no evidence for Fleming joining the Bengal army before 1853. He was with the 4th Regiment Punjab Cavalry from 1845. I have him retiring from the Bengal army in 1874 as a Deputy Surgeon-General, the next rank up from Surgeon Major. The rest of the note is correct.
I have suggested corrections to the appropriate Kew email. However, I believe they are introducing a new data portal later this year, so they might be suspending updates until after that.
Dr Andrew Fleming Biographical Timeline
1785, January 10th John Fleming born.¹
1813, March 15th John Fleming married Melville Christie, daughter of a banker. Melville clearly shared her husband's interests and even drew many of the illustrations of his works on zoology. They welcomed many guests at Flisk Manse, one such recalling:
"I shall never forget the charm of Flisk Manse. After an interval of thirty years, it seems to me like a beautiful dream to remember it. All was so intellectual, so sweet, and so sacred, and the welcome always so full and friendly. Though eight miles from a market, Mrs Fleming seemed always prepared for visitors ; and the last idea that could enter into one's head was that he was giving trouble, or putting people put of their way."¹
The Scotsman - Tuesday 26 March 1901 Page 6
1826 or after Alexander Fleming, first son of John and Melville, died at 13 years old.¹
1838, June Andrew Fleming elected a fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh.²
Astragalus danicus (Leguminosae).
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00298460
The Scotsman - Tuesday 26 March 1901 Page 6
1845, September 29th Appointed Assistant Surgeon, probably with the 4th Regiment Punjab Cavalry.⁴
1848, March 9th to May 7th Fleming took a journey from Lahore to Pind Dadan Khan, Musakhail and back to Lahore. In the published diary he gave an account of the geology and agriculture on the way, having passed through many towns and villages.⁵
1848, April Fleming had attempted a survey of a section of the Salt Range but he was hampered by the heat at that time of the year. Fleming did manage to collect some fossils from Moosakhail (Musakhel) which he sent to his father.⁶
1849, February to September Plant collections see Plant Collection Timeline
1851, January 8th Fleming appointed to start geological survey of the Punjab.⁷
1851, February 14th Fleming received instructions to make a geological survey from the Governer General while he was at Maree. Fleming was unable to start the survey until the end of February. He stopped work at the start of the hot season in the middle of April.⁶
1851 Plant collections see Plant Collection Timeline
1851, November 1st Restarted work on geological survey. He arranged for a map of the region to be made by William Purdon and William Theobald during the cold season of 1851 to 1852. Fleming's own rough map that he made for his own guidance was copied and coloured by a Eurasian draftsman called Mr Blaney.⁶
1851, December to 1852, April Plant collections see Plant Collection Timeline
1852, September 12th The results of the geological survey had to be compiled while Fleming was still in the field and in his spare time afterward, as he had to resume his medical duties immediately on his return. Fleming submitted the results of the geological survey for publication on September 12th 1852, from the city of Jhelum on the eastern edge of the Salt Range. Fleming included notes on the vegetation and agriculture of the Salt Range.⁶
1852 Elected an Ordinary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.⁸
1853, July 26th Appointed as Civil Surgeon and Registrar of Deeds for Sarun (now Saran district, Bihar State, India). Clearly Dr Fleming had moved from the Punjab in the far west of India (now Pakistan) to the far east of India, at the time administered as part of Bengal.⁹
Chondrite meteorites were recovered at Segowlie after falling on the 6th of March 1853, ranging between ¼ lb to 4 pounds weight (0.11 to 1.8 kg).¹⁰ I can't help wondering if the geological interest of the meteorite fall was a factor in the decision of Dr Fleming to move to Bengal.
1856, June 10th
MARRIED
Married, at Segowlie, Chumparun, Bengal, on the 10th June ANDREW FLEMING, Esq., M.D., Edinburgh, civil surgeon of Sarun, to CATHERINE LOFTUS, eldest daughter of Joseph Henry Garner, Esq., Monkstown, Dublin.
Edinburgh Evening Courant - Thursday 21 August 1856 Page 2
Segowlie is now Sugauli, East Champaran, Bihar State, India. The English East India Company set up a garrison there to guard against incursions from Nepal. It is now most famous in Britain for being the setting of "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi" by Rudyard Kipling.
In 1843 Edward Hare described the town:
Segowlie is a healthy place in a picturesque country, abounding in tigers and game. A number of indigo planters reside near it, who are hospitable neighbours.¹¹
Edward Hare was a vegetarian and Army surgeon. Hare changed the use of quinine in malaria by conducting scientific clinical studies, reducing the mortality from malaria infections vastly while he was a lowly Assistant Surgeon.
1857, November 18th Dr Fleming's father John Fleming died suddenly of a perforated ulcer, having given a lecture at the University of Edinburgh the day before.¹
1857, November 24th Dr Andrew Fleming (only son of John Fleming) missed the funeral of his father due to being in India. Edinburgh News and Literary Chronicle - Saturday 28 November 1857
1859, April 26th Promoted from Assistant Surgeon, appointed Surgeon.⁴
1861, October 14th
BIRTHS
FLEMING- At Seagrove House, Leith, on the 16th inst., the wife of Dr A. Fleming, surgeon H.M.'s Bengal Army, of a daughter.
Caledonian Mercury - Saturday 19 October 1861
1862 Reported that Fleming could speak a local language. "M.D. Passed in the vernacular"¹²
1862 Fleming became the Officiating Civil Surgeon and Superintendant of the Lunatic Asylum in Moorshedabad. These asylums were for Indians, not Europeans. In his report on the year 1862 for the Moorshedabad asylum, Dr Fleming noted:
A very large proportion, however, of our patients require no other treatment than good feeding, and the effects of this are soon apparent both in their bodily and mental health.
All force is avoided in their management, and the kind treatment they receive once they are within the walls of the asylum seems to remove the irritation (caused in many cases by the cruelty of their friends) of the most violent, with few exceptions, in a very short time.
Being of the poorest class of community many of them reach the Asylum in a weak and debilitated state from want and exposure, and hence it is not to be wondered at that many die from diseases, such as Dysentery and Consumption, contracted long before their confinement. None of the better classes seem ever to be sent to the Asylum, their friends, doubtless, preferring to treat them in their own way at home.
Fleming requested that a new asylum be built as the present building and location were inadequate.
Fleming seemed to have appreciated the help of both his European Overseer (Sergeant Frawley) and the unnamed Christian Native Doctor.
Sergeant Frawley, of whose sobriety, steadiness, attention to his work, and kindness to the Lunatics I cannot speak too highly.
Few men could bear the solitary life he leads at the Asylum, and as he cannot get servants to live there, he is obliged to keep his wife and children at Berhampore.
The Native Doctor, though an unpassed man and deficient in many of the qualifications of a good Native Doctor, has been so long at the Asylum and gained so much experience in the management of Insanes [sic], to whom he is invariably kind, that he is most useful.
Fleming asked for a pay rise for the native doctor from 16 to 20 rupees a month, as he had been in service for 16 years and "the almost prison life he lives at the asylum".¹³ It is possible that this is the same Native Doctor as the one called Ruttoo mentioned by Fleming in January 1869¹⁷ and his successor in January 1870¹⁸.
In 1864, Dr Fleming was still at Moorshedabad. He noted in his Report for that year:
Small number of Insanes sent to the Asylum.- The small proportion of Insanes sent to the Asylum from so large a Division as that of Rajshahye, is still a matter of surprise, and there can be no doubt that hundreds of Insanes are at large, subject to the ill-usage of all kinds, and dangerous to themselves and the community. Of the thirty-two admissions during the year, this District has yielded ten Insanes, and Dinageepore seven: yet, strange to say, there has not been a single Insane contributed by the Districts of Rajshahye and Maldah, the population of which, if we may judge from our statistics, must be possessed of the blessings of sound mind to a marvellous extent.¹⁴
The Secretary to the Government of Bengal, on behalf of the Lieutenant-Governor John McClellan, noted in response to Fleming's remarks that:
The Lieutenant-Governor notices also that the 6th paragraph of Dr. Fleming's Report is written under a misapprehension of the objects of the Government Lunatic Asylums. These Asylums are obviously not adapted to rescue the entire insane population of Bengal, but only such inmates as are not looked after by their own friends, or are, from whatever reason, sent in by the Judicial authorities.¹⁵
Died 1917 in France, from wounds caused by a bomb.
The Scotsman - Friday 28 December 1917
1865, September 20th Promoted to Surgeon-Major.¹⁶
1869, January 8th Fleming's last report as Superintendent of the Moorshedabad/Moydepore Lunatic Asylum.¹⁷
1869, June 22nd In the Army Lists as "Civil, Cuttack", Civil Surgeon covering the city of Cuttack. Cuttack is now the second largest city in Odisha State, India.¹⁶
1869-1870 Furlough to Europe.¹⁶
1871, March 10th until 1872, December Superintendent of the Lunatic Asylum at Cuttack (Odisha, India) from March 1871¹⁹ until replaced by Surgeon H. Cayley in December²⁰ "a few days before the end of the year".²¹
1874, April 8th Promoted from Surgeon-Major to Deputy Surgeon-General on 8th April 1874, Bengal Army.²²
1874, November 23rd Listed as Councillor of the Royal Society of Edinburgh for the first time.²³ Fleming joined as an ordinary fellow in 1852 while still serving in India. No mention in the Army Lists after 1874. Was this when he returned from India?
1875 Dr Andrew Fleming became an Ordinary Fellow of the Geological Society of Edinburgh after talking to the Honorary Secretary Ralph Richardson. Address given as 3 Napier Road.²⁷ After 1879, his address is given as 8 Napier Road.
1876, November 16th Dr Andrew Fleming elected as Councillor of the Geological Society of Edinburgh.²⁷
1879, June 14th Geological excursion of the Geological Societies of Edinburgh and Glasgow (twenty excursionists from each) by railway to the Pentland Hills. Approximately 18 mile walk. Afterwards, Ralph Richardson entertained the party to dinner at the Torphichen Arms, joined by eleven more by train, presumably not up for the walk but happy to dine. Among the many toasts after lunch it was revealed that Ralph Richardson was retiring as Honorary Secretary of the Geological Society of Edinburgh after seven years of service (see 1879, October 15th for possible explanation). After the Glasgow excursionists left to catch their train, Dr Andrew Fleming proposed one final toast to John Henderson, the leader of the excursion, which was honoured heartily. Henderson replied and all left to catch their trains.²⁷
1879, July 1st Last mention of 3 Napier Road as Fleming's address in the List of Fellows of the Geological Society of Edinburgh.²⁷
1879, October 15th
MARRIAGE At Christ Church, Morningside, on the 15th inst., by the Rev. F. E. Belcome, incumbent, Ralph Richardson, Writer to the Signet, to Melville Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Andrew Fleming, M.D., Edinburgh, Deputy Surgeon-General, retired list, H.M.'s Bengal Army.
Edinburgh Evening News - Thursday 16 October 1879 Page 3
This is the lawyer, politician and geologist Ralph Richardson (1845-1933) mentioned on the website of the Signet. The Memoirs of Ralph Richardson will be coming soon to the Signet website.
A "Writer to the Signet" is not the journalist that I had assumed at first. The phrase describes a member of the Society of Writers to Her Majesty’s Signet, the incorporated body of Scottish lawyers dedicated to public benefit that traces its origins back over 400 years. They can put the letters WS after their names.
I emailed the Society of Writers to Her Majesty’s Signet. James Hamilton, their Research Principal, very kindly found a reference to Dr Andrew Fleming for me, in that part of the Memoirs that they have already transcribed. Richardson described his wedding and how he met his future father-in-law.
On 15 October, 1879, I had the happiness to marry the eldest daughter of Deputy Surgeon General Andrew Fleming, M.D., of H.M. Indian Army and the Geological Survey of India, son of that eminent Scottish Geologist, the Revd. John Fleming, D.D., Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen, and afterwards of Natural Science in the Free Church College, Edinburgh. How seldom do we recognise that little actions may develop into, for us, great events! The way I became acquainted with the Fleming family was as follows. As Hon. Secretary of the Edinburgh Geological Society I felt it my duty to be always on the lookout for recruits, and one day, when at the Edinburgh Subscription Library (then in the Edinburgh Life Assurance buildings, George Street) I observed a tall, singularly handsome, elderly, full-bearded man enter briskly and at once advance to the table and take up and read the "Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society" of London. I was struck by the gentleman reading so eagerly so learned a publication, and one within my own scientific domain, so asked the Librarian who he was. "That," replied Mr McWhea, "is Dr Andrew Fleming, the son of the celebrated geologist Dr John Fleming." I had always reverenced the name of the latter as one of the Pioneers of Geology¹ so, on returning to my office, I wrote and asked Dr Andrew Fleming if he would allow me to propose him as a Member of our Edinburgh Geological Society, adding the pride it would give me to propose the son of so distinguished a Geologist whose name every Scottish Geologist venerated. Dr Fleming consented; he afterwards became a member of our Society's Council; he invited me to dine with him, and then I saw for the first time my future wife. ...
... On our return from a delightful honeymoon in Paris, I was at once plunged into political business, ...
¹ He was also a great Naturalist. In his autobiography (published in 1924 and entitled A Long Life's Work) Sir Archibald Geikie refers to him as 'the most distinguished Naturalist of his day in Scotland'.
It may seem a little odd to modern readers that he names his father-in-law and grandfather-in-law and describes how handsome his father-in-law was but the only adjectives given to his unnamed wife are "eldest" and "future". Hopefully, there will be more in the remaining parts that are as yet untranscribed. I should point out that the "elderly" Fleming can only have been 53 years old at most when they met. Perhaps Richardson's recollection was overlaid with later memories of his father-in-law.
1880, August 1st First mention of 8 Napier Road as Fleming's address in the List of Fellows of the Geological Society of Edinburgh, changed from 3 Napier Road in 1879.²⁷ The address is not updated in the list of Ordinary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh until November 1891.
1882, July 13th (Thursday)
Exhibition of Plants from the Murree and Kashmir Hills, Punjab ; collected in 1851, and presented to the University Herbarium by Deputy Surgeon-General Andrew Fleming, M.D., F.R.S.E.
The plants, Dr Fleming explained, were collected on the ranges rising from the north-west of the Punjab, during the summer months, and give a very good idea of the flora of the N.W. Himalaya. The collection was probably the first ever made at Murree. One great peculiarity was the paucity of ferns, for in the 300 to 400 specimens there were only half a dozen ferns ; whereas in the Eastern Himalaya in a few weeks one could gather 150 to 200 ferns. Everybody knew the abundance of Rhododendrons in the Darjeeling district, but he only found one species on the Murree hills during the season. Several species of Primula and Androsace in the collection, specially A. incisa, are worthy of notice.²⁴
1882
DONATIONS TO THE HERBARIUM
FLEMING, ANDREW, Deputy Surgeon-General. A collection of nearly 300 plants from the Murree and Kashmir Hills, collected in 1851.²⁵
1882, October 11th
MARRIAGES At Christ Church, Morningside, on the 11th inst., by the Rev. F. E. Belcome, incumbent, Major W. B. Craigie, younger son of the late William Burnett Esq. of Lanton, Aberdeenshire, to Mary Ada, second daughter of Andrew Fleming Esq., M.D., Deputy Surgeon-General, H.M.'s Indian Army.
Edinburgh Evening News - Thursday 12 October 1882 Page 3
1883, October 13th
The Scotsman - Saturday 13 October 1883 Front page
1887, April 9th Described as retired among multiple signatories to a letter about changes to Army surgeon ranks.²⁶
The Scotsman - Saturday 02 July 1892 Page 2
Edinburgh Evening News - Wednesday 21 March 1900 Front Page.
1901, March 25th Andrew Fleming died at Napier Road, Edinburgh
THE LATE DEPUTY SURGEON-GENERAL FLEMING
The death of Dr Andrew Fleming, Deputy Surgeon-General, Indian Army, which took place yesterday morning at his residence, 8 Napier Road, removes one of the oldest and most respected men of science connected with Edinburgh. He was the son of that celebrated Scottish geologist and naturalist, Dr John Fleming, Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Aberdeen, and afterwards Professor of Natural Science in the New College, Edinburgh. The late Dr Andrew Fleming obtained the degree of Doctor of Medicine in Edinburgh University, and was, when Assistant Surgeon of the 4th Regiment of Punjaub Cavalry, recommended to the Indian Government as a geological surveyor by Sir Roderick Murchison. He particularly distinguished himself by his report on the geological structure and mineral wealth of the Salt Range in the Punjaub, published with maps, sections, &c., by the Government of India, 1851-2. He also contributed to our knowledge of the fossil fauna of India. After occupying various high medical posts in India, he attained the rank of Deputy Surgeon-General, and, retiring from active service, took up his residence in Edinburgh. Devoted as he was to geology, botany and meteorology he became associated with various scientific societies, and was a member of Council of the Royal Society. He died at the advanced age of 79, failure of heart action being the cause. He leaves a widow and three sons and three daughters. His sons are all at present engaged in the King's service abroad - one, Major J. M. Fleming, late K.O.S.B., being one of the leading officials of H.M. Survey of India: another, Captain C. C. Fleming, D.S.O. (M.B., C.M., Edinburgh University), being in command of Hospital Train No. 2 during the South African War: and the third, Captain H. L. Fleming, 36th Sikhs, being Commandant of Police in Burma.
The Scotsman - Tuesday 26 March 1901 Page 6
The Scotsman - Wednesday 10 July 1901 Page 12
Dr Andrew Fleming Biographical Timeline References
¹ John Fleming academic biography: Bryson, A "Memoir of Rev. John Fleming, D.D., F.R.S.E." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1861) 22(3): 655-680 https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/126380#page/755/mode/1up
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52321#page/640/mode/1up
https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_detail.php?id=631735
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124014#page/25/mode/1up
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124456#page/259/mode/1up
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124456#page/365/mode/1up
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124456#page/496/mode/1up
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ygMLAQAAIAAJ
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DPY2AQAAMAAJ
https://archive.org/details/reportofbritisha62brit/page/n105/mode/2up
https://archive.org/details/b21352112/page/60/mode/2up
https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_detail.php?id=880550
https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/104517398
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/188482#page/445/mode/1up
Also reported in the Edinburgh Daily Review - Friday 14 July 1882
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53755#page/567/mode/1up
https://www.jstor.org/stable/20211300
Astragalus danicus (Leguminosae). Coast near Aberdeen.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00298460
Toona ciliata (Meliaceae) "Garden? Sabathu" Subathu/Sabathu, used as an Army station, near Simla, the summer capital of British India.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00129286
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00235779
1849, June
Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae) "Below Nagkanda". Narkanda, 33km (20 miles) northeast of Simla.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00898709
Dicliptera sp. (Acanthaceae) "below Mattiana" Matiana, 25 km (16 miles) northeast of Simla. Or Mathyana 42 km (26 miles) north of Simla.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00732519
Sorbus microphylla (Rosaceae) "Hattu" Mount Hattu, 4 km (3 miles) from Narkanda.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00749574
Spiraea bella (Rosaceae) "Hattu"
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00652172
Spiraea canescens (Rosaceae) "Theog Simla" Theog, 18km (11 miles) east of Simla.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00652185
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00235287
Taxus contorta (Taxaceae) "Mattiana"
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00094336
Abelia triflora (= Zabelia triflora, Caprifoliaceae) Sheets not digitised.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00065292
Acer acuminatum (Sapindaceae) Sheets not digitised.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00115777
Rorippa indica (Cruciferae) Sheets not digitised.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00140292
1849, July
Roscoea alpina (Zingiberaceae) "Mahasu" Mahasu Ridge, 10km (6 miles) east of Simla.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00063152
Clinopodium umbrosum (Labiatae) "Mahasu"
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00570495
Cynoglossum sp. (Boraginaceae) "Simla".
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00629170
Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae) "Simla".
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00248808
1849, August
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00300106
Rhododendron lepidotum (Ericaceae) "Top of Hattu" Mount Hattu, 4 km (3 miles) from Narkanda.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00546632
Solanum pittosporifolium (Solanaceae ) "Below Nagkanda" Narkanda, 33km (20 miles) northeast of Simla.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00320755
Polygonum sp. (Polygonaceae) Location not given, sheet not digitised
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00039563
1849, October
1849, no date
Farsetia jacquemontii (Cruciferae) Location not given, sheet not digitised
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00140077
1851, February 21st
Withania coagulans (Solanaceae) "Kalokyle Hills abundant in Bengal" Kalukhali in Bengal.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00610338
Buxus papillosa (Buxaceae) Collection No. 46 "On S???stone Strata of Summit of Khalokhyle Hills - Called Chota Koad?". Kalukhali in Bengal.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00756993
1851, February 24th
Diplotaxis griffithii (Cruciferae) Collection No. 54 Location not given, sheet not digitised
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00014719
1851, March 4th
Dicliptera sp. (Acanthaceae) Collection No. 4 "Kutta near Jabba" Katha Masral/Sagral 24km (15 miles) northnortheast of Khushab, 13km (8 miles) southsoutheast of Jabba Shah Fathe Ullah.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00732523
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00397601
Ephedra foliata (Ephedraceae) "Dakee? from Moosakhail" Duki?, Dhoke?, Dhok? near Musakhel, Punjab.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00016052
Farsetia stylosa (Cruciferae) Location not given, sheet not digitised.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00140114
Kew Herbarium Specimen:K000484499 https://data.kew.org/records/occurrences/002820bd-d47d-43e0-aeee-a7182e6752a7
Duplicate Kew Herbarium Specimen: K000484500 https://data.kew.org/records/occurrences/df3f2f18-e2f3-48ca-b9e0-96098262099e
1851, March 17th
Chaenorhinum johnstonii (Plantaginaceae) C ollection No. 19 "L[inaria]. minus L Majus? Scrophulariaceae Moosakhail". Specimens from the Margala Hills between Rawalpindi and Peshawar by a collector called Vicary have been placed on the same sheet.
Kew Herbarium Specimen: K000979963 https://data.kew.org/records/occurrences/3f9605a7-e549-469a-ba03-6b6ad4c73ec7
Arnebia guttata ssp. griffithii (Boraginaceae) Collection No. 21 Chideroo, Salt Range. Chiddru, Mianwali District, 10 km (6 miles) southeast of Musa Khel.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00945346
Hyoscyamus pusillus (Solanaceae) Collection No. 24 Chideroo, Salt Range.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00641883
1851, March 22nd
Onosma griffithii (Boraginaceae) Collection No. 31 "Sekesur?" Sakesar, 20 km (12 miles) southeast of Musa Khel, 14 km east (9 miles) of Chiddru.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00681488
1851, March
Lappula sp. (Boraginaceae) Collection No. 41 "Shumuhwalla?" Samanwala?, Mianwali district, Pakistan. Not on google maps. There are other possibilities so I won't add it to the map.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00843979
1851, April 2nd
Caralluma (Apteranthes) tuberculata (Apocynaceae) Collection No. 78 "Ceropegia edulis? Nullee Sṭ Range", probably Nali (near Nali Shumali), Khushab District, in the Salt Range. 37 km (23 miles) eastsoutheast from Sakesar.
Caralluma (Apteranthes) tuberculata (Apocynaceae) Collection No. 78 "Ceropegia edulis? Nat. name Chungee A favourite food of the natives - both raw & boiled Nullee Sṭ Range". Incorrectly called "Stocks 596" in the catalogue.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00135553
Debregeasia saeneb (Urticaceae) Collection No. 85 "Kuttha" Katha Masral/Sagral, 10 km (6 miles) eastnortheast of Nali. (Back to Location 1 on the itinerary map above.)
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00145727
1851, April 11th
Heliotropium zeylanicum (Boraginaceae) Collection No. 68 "Sandstone Hills above Mundiala" - Mundial, Khushab District, Salt Range. 18 km (11 miles) westnorthwest of Nali.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00766482
Heliotropium crispum (Boraginaceae) Collection No. 69 "Sandstone Hills above Mundiala" - Mundial, Khushab District, Salt Range.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00719279
Heliotropium strigosum (Boraginaceae) Collection No. 73 "Sandstone Hills above Mundiala" - Mundial, Khushab District, Salt Range.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00048856
Peganum harmala (Nitrariaceae) Collection No. 77 "Mundiala"
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00701187
All of these collection numbers seem to be out of order with the surrounding dates, but the writing is pretty clear, unless it should be April 1st.
1851, April 12th
Rydingia limbata (Lamiaceae) "Abundant from Rhotas to RawalPindee seen lower Murree Hills" Probably Rohtas Fort, 7½ km (4½ miles) southwest of Dina in Jhelum district. Rohtas Fort to Rawalpindi is 71 km (44 miles) as the crow flies. This was written on one side of the label and the usual info seems to be on the glued reverse side. The writing can be read through the paper as a ghost image. Only the top half of the date is present but I am pretty sure it is 12/4/51. Collection No. 62 Mṭ Tilleh. Fleming's first thought was that it was a member of the Acanthus family, Acanthaceae but he does not identify it more closely. It is very spiny but that is wrong as it is in the mint family Lamiaceae/Labiatae. At right angles there is a note in a fainter hand: "Labiatae Otostegia? Edgeworth". The genus Otostegia was first named in 1834 but this species was not officially changed from Ballota limbata to Otostegia limbata until 1879. Otostegia is now limited to Africa. Rydingia being created in 2007 just for species found in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, Oman, Iran, Pakistan and the western Himalaya. Presumably Fleming consulted Michael P Edgeworth to help identify this specimen.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00486439
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00617594
1851, April ?th
Dicliptera sp. (Acanthaceae) Collection No. 91 Kewrah (Khewra, Salt Range, Punjab)
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00732520
1851, April 24th
Arnebia hispidissima (Boraginaceae) Collection No. 95 "Jhelum", the town, not the river. 71 km (44 miles) northeast of Khewra.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00945347
1851, May 9th
Carissa spinarum (Apocynaceae). Collection No. 129 "Nat. Name: Kurounda Milky juice - Fruit a small purple edible fruit with two hard seeds - Phulgrown Hills to Dumna??" Phulgran is a village now at the northeastern extremity of Islamabad, perhaps considered a suburb. I have no idea what the "Dumna" could be or the actual letters in the word unless it is daman, Urdu for "foothills". Phulgran is 29 km (18 miles) south of Samwala and 24 km (15 miles) southwest of Murree.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00087706
Centaurea iberica (Compositae) Collection No. 155 Location not given, sheet not digitised.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00286769
1851, May 11th
Teucrium royleanum (Labiatae) Collection No. 125 (147) "Shamwul?" Samwala?, 22 km (14 miles) northwest of Murree.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00634447
1851, May 17th
Hypericum oblongifolium (Hypericaceae) Collection No. 152 (170) "Murree Hills"
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00898623
Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae) Collection No. 153 (171) "Murree Hills"
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00898713
1851, May 21st
Rosularia adenotricha (Crassulaceae) Collection No. 201 (217) "Murree Hill near Barracks"
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00209107
1851, May 27th
Geranium nepalense (Geraniaceae) Collection No. 100 (125) "N. side of Mooshiaree Hill" Mussiari/Musyari Hill, now more or less a suburb of Murree in the southeast.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00221277
1851, June 2nd
Nepeta distans (Labiatae) Collection No. 193 (209) "Murree Road"
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00947393
1851, June 4th
Teucrium royleanum (Labiatae) Collection No. 169 (185) "Kooldunna near Hurroo Valley" Kuldana, a British army station at the headwaters of the Haro River, a tributary of the Indus River in Punjab. 2½ km (1½ miles) northnortheast of Murree.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00634451
Dicliptera sp. (Acanthaceae) Collection No. 174 (190) "Kooldunna near Hurroo Valley"
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00732547
Cynoglossum sp. (Boraginaceae) Collection No. 178 (194) "Kooldunna near Hurroo Valley"
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00629027
1851, June 9th
Spiraea vaccinifolia (Rosaceae) Collection No. 208 (222) "Between Rawat and Dewal" Rawat 9km (5½ miles) northeast of Murree, just beyond Bhurban (not to be confused with the many other villages called Rawat in the Punjab). Upper Dewal/Dewal Sharif, Murree Tehsil, in the Jhelum River valley, 5km (3 miles) northnortheast of Rawat.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00652220
1851, June 10th
Vincetoxicum arnottianum "Apocynaceae" Collection No. 212 (227) "..?er the Jhelum below Dewal"
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00780728
1851, June 11th
Ribes himalense (Grossulariaceae) Collection No. 218 (232) "Upper Chuppur, Moochpoora" Probably Mukeshpuri, a 2,800 meter high mountain, 18 km (11 miles) north of Murree, across the Haro Valley.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00235293
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00947693
Leptopus cordifolius (Phyllanthaceae) Collection No. 247 "Mṭ Machpoora, Murree." Another tiny label just states: "14th Augt 1847", though I think that can be discounted.
1851, June 12th
Hackelia uncinata (Boraginaceae) Collection No. 245 (259) "Upper Chuppur, Mochpoora"
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00853208
1851, June 13th
Cedrus deodara (Pinaceae) "Top of Muchpoora/Mochpoora"
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00686594
Salix denticulata (Salicaceae) Collection No. 247 Location not given, sheet not digitised
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00235780
Sorbus lanata (Rosaceae) Collection No. 248 "Moochpoora summit 10,000 feet"
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00145680
Hackelia macrophylla (Boraginaceae) Collection No. 249 (264) "Top of Muchpoora/Mochpoora"
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00853176
1851, June 14th
Anemone tetrasepala (= Anemonastrum tetrasepalum, Ranunculaceae) Collection No. ? (276) "W.[est] end of Mochpoora ridge".
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00056209
1851, June 16th
Rosa macrophylla (Rosaceae) Collection No. 225 (239) "Top of Mochpoora 9520 [feet?]"
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00548910
1851, June 26th
Cynoglossum sp. (Boraginaceae) Collection No. 267 (279) "near Puphoondee mountain" - Paphundi Mountain, Murree Hills.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00629028
1851, June
Pinus wallichiana (Pinaceae) Collection No. 198 (291) Murree.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00094049
1851, July 15th
Geranium wallichianum (Geraniaceae) Collection No. 284 (314) "Near Topa Forest" East and north of, and near, Murree, Punjab.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00221348
Fagopyrum esculentum (Polygonaceae) Collection No. 286 Location not given, sheet not digitised.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00012125
1851, July 23rd
Clematis connata (Ranunculaceae) Collection No. 276 (906) "Murree Woods".
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00670833
1851, July 26th
Cynoglossum sp. (Boraginaceae) Collection No. 289 (319) "Murree", Punjab.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00629029
Impatiens brachycentra (Balsaminaceae) No. 290 (320) "Murree Compound", Punjab.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00837466
Campylotropis falconeri (Leguminosae) Collection No. 296 Location not given, sheet not digitised.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00025598
1851, August 2nd
1851, August 9th
Nepeta sp. (Labiatae) Collection No. 310? (339) "Chunbi Mṭ" Chumbi Mountain in Sikkim, 1,597 km (992 miles) southeast of Murree.
Taxus contorta (Taxaceae) Collection No. 319 "Chumbi Mṭ" Sikkim, not Myanmar as catalogued. That is a misreading of Burmi, the local name of the Himalayan yew - not Burma, the old name of Myanmar.
1851, August 10th
Aralia tibetana (Araliaceae) Collection No. 331 (349) "Chumbi Mṭ" Sikkim, not Nepal as it is in the catalogue.
1851, August 13th
Barleria cristata (Acanthaceae) Collection No. 333 (350?) "Village of Sorena, flowering in a Cactus hedge". Soreng in Sikkim? 16 km (10 miles) southsouthwest of Chumbi Mountain. 1,160 km (721 miles) southeast of Batala Bahal.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00892641
Themeda anathera (Gramineae) Collection No. 335 (352) "Village of Sorena".
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00697585
1851, August 14th (Reported in the database as 14 August 1887)
Clematis graveolens (Ranunculaceae) Collection No. 348 (364) "Bamra?/Dumna? near Fort" Possibly دامن daman, Urdu for "foothills"or "skirts", except it seems unlikely he is back in the Punjab. Perhaps Urdu ڈُمْنا dumnaa meaning to spin or wave?
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00683109
Solanum incanum (Solanaceae) Collection No. 368 (382) "Butala". Batala Bahal?, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh. 30 km (18 miles) northeast of Shimla. There are quite a few places called Batala.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00806573
Anisomeles indica (Labiatae) Collection No. 369 Ravine between Jingul? & Butala. There is a Jingal 10⅓ km (6⅓ miles) southwest of Batala Bahal.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00649489
1851, September 1st
Begonia picta (Begoniaceae) Collection No. 374 (388) "near Barrie?" Bari, Nihri Tehsil? 16 km (10 miles) westsouthwest of Batala Bahal, 11 km (7 miles) northwest of Jingal. Bari, Shimla Rural Tehsil? 7 km (4½ miles) southsouthwest of Shimla. There are a lot of villages called Bari all over Himachal Pradesh.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00022082
1851, September 13th
Silene cashmeriana (Caryophyllaceae) Collection No. 391 "Panti Choh Mt, Srinuggur, Cashmeer" Patnitop?, Srinagar, Kashmir. 254 km (158 miles) northwest of Bari, Nihri Tehsil.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00219972
Saussurea albescens (Compositae) Collection No. 379 (395) "Pantichoh Mṭ, Srinuggur"
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00160040
Cyperus laevigatus L. var. junciformis (Cyperaceae) Collection number: 107 "Baghanwalla", Baghan Wala, Jhelum district, Salt Range.
Filed at Kew as "D. Stocks 751", another confusion with Dr. JE Stocks.
1851, December
Epipactis royleana (Orchidaceae) Collection No. 111 "Baghanwalla", Baghan Wala, Jhelum district, Salt Range. 53 km (33 miles) southwest of Jhelum, 21 km (13 miles) northeast of Khewra.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00027280
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E01053480
Farsetia jacquemontii (Cruciferae) Collection No. 113 "Salt Range, Shoranee" Surani near Bannu? 72 km (45 miles) northwest of Isa Khel.
1852, March 4th
Tamarix salina (Tamaricaceae) Collection No. 115? Different pen from description. "Nat[ive]. Name Sherghuzza. Kaffir Kote, Esakhail", Isakhel, west bank of the Indus in the west of Punjab. 42 km (26 miles) west of Musa Khel.
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00318078
Anchusa arvensis (Boraginaceae) Collection number 96 "Moosakhail Ravine, Salt Range".
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00994942
1852, March
Saussurea heteromalla (Compositae) Collection number 97 "Moosakhail".
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00469088
1852, April 6th
https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00087711
